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By comparing the coefficients\nof determination (R-squared) between the Y-as-outcome and\nX-as-outcome models while controlling for sufficient\nconfounders and simulating k random covariates, it can quantify\nrelative endogeneity, providing a necessary but insufficient\ncondition for causal direction from a less endogenous variable\n(X) to a more endogenous variable (Y). Methodological details\nare provided at . 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